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عمومی::
کنشگران غیردولتی، بازیگران غیر دولتی
Making the circumstances all the more dificult, figuring out who is behind a given attack remains challenging, allowing states and nonstate actors to carry out cyberattacks with a high degree of deniability and avoid significant consequences.،America's ability to project conventional power abroad is eroding swiftly as state and nonstate actors acquire advanced capabilities to offset the US military's strengths across all operat- ing domains-air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace.6 Additionally, the requirement to think across domains is occurring at increasingly lower levels and will be essen- tial in the future to generating the tempo critical to exploiting fleeting local oppor- tunities for disrupting an enemy system.7 These changes in the operational envi- ronment, combined with "new" fiscal realities, are rapidly transforming how we need to think about threats, the battlespace, and the conceptual underpinnings of airpower.
The PLA is actively creating the strategic guidance, tools, and trained per- sonnel necessary to employ computer network operations in support of traditional war-fighting disciplines.26 Cyberspace offers the PRC and other state and nonstate actors the capacity to delay an adversary's response to a kinetic attack by implant- ing malicious code in advance on the enemy's logistics; command, control, commu- nications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; and com- mercial support networks.27
China's military modernization and strategy are a harbinger of a broader trend in which smaller regional powers and even nonstate actors are seeking to develop or procure asymmetric capabilities that are changing the traditional notion of military operations.31 For the United States, the implications of this phenomenon are numerous and serious enough to mandate another look at how we educate future Air Force leaders to develop, coordinate, and execute air operations.
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